![]() The fifth step is the “socially significant contacts”, which involves the individual making contacts with individuals of high status in the criminal underworld.The fourth step is the “hustle for capital”, in which the individual decides to steal to get money.The third step is the “step-up-to-bigger-jobs”, in which the individual decides to move on from petty crimes and start bigger.The second step is the “friends”, in which the individual acquires friends who are also thieves.The first step is the “career choice”, in which an individual decides to devote their lives to theft. ![]() He analyzed and identified eight steps that professional thieves take. Sutherland’s book entitled “The Professional Thief” (1937) focused on the life of a professional thief. Their findings contributed to the theory of social disorganization by arguing that the concentration of socially disorganized areas contributed to urban crime (Mutton, 2015). Their research showed that the highest rates of crime and delinquency were found in areas with social disorganization. ![]() They created maps to show the geographical distribution of crime and neighborhoods in Chicago to test their hypothesis. These communities were observed as having a “web of disorganization” that inhibited the development of social control. Shaw and Henry associated neighborhoods and crime by arguing that these areas lacked proper facilities, were overcrowded and had inadequate finances. These neighborhoods were characterized by a high concentration of people living in crowded conditions, low-income residents, and a high percentage of ethnic minorities. Ghettos contain several characteristics that they argued led to delinquency and crime. Shaw and McKay’s book “Delinquency Areas” (1942) suggests that Chicago neighborhoods were organized according to ethnic lines. In their study of the ethnic characteristics of neighborhoods in Chicago, Shaw and McKay argue that: crime rates are higher in neighborhoods with a higher proportion of lower-income residents and those with a higher concentration of ethnic minorities. Some of the main contributors to this theory are: Shaw and Mckay Wirth proposed that the well-ordered nature of small towns was not reproduced in large cities, resulting in a lack of social controls on people’s behavior (Wilson & Kelling, 1982). He argued in his book “Urbanism as a Way of Life” (1938) that high crime rates in American cities were rooted in the weakened position of neighborhood institutions (Wilson & Kelling, 1982). This theory is based on the work of Louis Wirth. Social disorganization theory states that crime and delinquency result from the inability of neighborhood institutions to provide social control (Wilson & Kelling, 1982).
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